Want to go deeper?

The following are recommended to help you look deeper into the history and archaeology of Sardis.

Recommended for purchase:

G. M. A. Hanfmann – Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times: Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis (Harvard, 1983)

Fikret K. Yegül – The Bath-Gymnasium Complex at Sardis (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Reports) (Harvard, 1986)

J. S. Crawford. The Byzantine Shops at Sardis (Harvard, 1990)

C. Foss – Byzantine & Turkish Sardis (Harvard, 1976)

Philip Harland. Associations, Synagogues, & Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society (Fortress, 2003).

Lee I. Levine – The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (Yale, 2000) – discusses Sardis in chapter: "Diaspora Synagogues."

Online resources:

Harvard University Art Museums – "The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis"

Museum of the Jewish People – "The Ancient Synagogue of Sardis"

Jodi Magness – "The Date of the Sardis Synagogue in Light of the Numismatic Evidence" Journal of the American Journal of Archaeology, 109, 3 (2005):443-475.

Philip A. Harland – "Spheres of Contention, Claims of Pre-eminence: Rivalries Among Associations in Sardis and Smyrna" Originally published in Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Sardis and Smyrna. Studies in Christianity and Judaism, ed. Richard S. Ascough, vol. 14. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005, 53-63, 259-262.

Philip A. Harland – "[The Associations & Synagogue of] Sardis"

Dick Osseman – Photo Gallery of Sardis

William M. Ramsay – "Sardis: City of Death" | "The Letter to the Church in Sardis" 354-368 and 369-390, respectively, from Letters to the Seven Churches & Their Place in the Plan of the Apocalypse, 2nd ed. (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1906).