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 CHRISTIAN LITERATURE CHURCH HISTORY

New Testament Background
INSCRIPTIONS ANCIENT HISTORIANS NON-LITERARY
WRITINGS		 NT ARCHAEOLOGY NT COMMENTARIES ONLINE

  1. Inscriptions (Epigraphy)

    1. Acts of Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augustus) – Latin, Greek, & English in parallel columns
    2. Erastus inscription at Corinth – Photo and description | Discussion
    3. Gallio inscription at Delphi – Description | Significance | Photos
    4. Pontius Pilate inscription at Caesarea Maritima
    5. Secular Games of 17 BCE – Latin text | English text
    6. Synagogue inscription at Corinth
    7. Temple balustrade warning in Jerusalem
  1. History
    1. Modern histories
      1. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon (1782, rev. 1845) – vol. 1 | vol. 2 | vol. 3 | vol. 4 | vol. 5 | vol. 6
      2. De Imperatoribus Romanis (On the Roman Emperors)
      3. Greek and Roman Cities of Western Turkey by Michael Greenhalgh
      4. Outlines of Roman History by William C. Morey (1901)
      5. Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries by Rodolfo Lanciani (12th ed., 1898)
      6. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia by William M. Ramsay (1904)
      7. A History of Roman Literature: From the Earliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius by Charles Thomas Cruttwell (1877)
      8. Ancient Rome From the Earliest Times Down to 476 B.C. by Robert Pennell (1891) (4.6Mb)
      9. Jerusalem: Topography, Economics, and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 by George Adam Smith (1909)
      10. A Smaller History of Greece from the earliest times to the Roman conquest by William Smith (1897)
      11. Private Life of the Romans (1903, 1932) by Harold Johnston, rev. by Mary Johnston
      12. Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire (1906) ed. by William M. Ramsay
      13. The Cities of St. Paul: Their Influence on His Life and Thought – The Cities of Eastern Asia Minor (1908) by William M. Ramsay
      14. The Church in the Roman Empire Before A.D. 170 (9th ed., 1909) by William M. Ramsay
      15. American Archaeologists in Turkey: Intellectual and Social Dimensions (1996)
      16. Archaeology in Turkey, 2004-2005
    2. Ancient histories
      1. Herodotus -- The Histories (covering roughly 700–475 BCE)
        1. Greek text (you will have to configure the display)
        2. English text (scholarly version, with commentaries & notes)
        3. English text (quick-reading version)
      2. Xenophon -- Anabasis (covering 379–371 BCE)
        1. Greek text (you will have to configure the display)
        2. English text
      3. Polybius
        1. The Histories or The Rise of the Roman Empire (in Greek and English, covers c. 220-146 BCE)
        2. Intro. to Polybius
      4. Josephus (37 - after 100 CE)
        1. Extant writings of Josephus (Whiston transl.)
        2. Greek text (with parallel Whiston translation):
      5. Geography of Strabo (c. 64 BCE - 24 CE) Greek text | English text
      6. Pausanias's Description of Greece – Greek text | English text  | biography of Pausanias (115-180 CE)
      7. Livy (59 BCE - 17 CE) – History of Rome – Latin text | Eng. transl.
      8. Plutarch
        1. Alexander
        2. Pompey
        3. Caesar
        4. Brutus
        5. Antony
        6. Cicero
        7. Crassus
        8. Galba
        9. Otho
      9. Suetonius (c. A.D. 69 - after 122) –  The Twelve Caesars
        1. Julius Caesar – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        2. Augustus (Octavian) – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        3. Tiberius – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        4. Gaius (Caligula) – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        5. Claudius – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        6. Nero – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        7. Galba – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        8. Otho – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        9. Vitellius – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        10. Vespasian – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        11. Titus – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        12. Domitian – Latin text | Eng. transl. [TOP]
      10. Tacitus (c. A.D. 55 - 117 or later
        1. History – Latin text | Eng. transl.
        2. Annals – Latin text | Engl. transl.  [TOP]
      11. Dio Cassius (c. A.D. 160 - 230) – Roman History
  2. Non-literary writings
    1. Introduction: Value for biblical studies
    2. Babatha (The Yadin Papyri)
      1. Intro. to Babatha
      2. Contract for a date crop (Greek text with Eng. transl.)
      3. Deposition regarding orphan's legacy (Greek text with Eng. transl.)
      4. Babatha and the ancient role of women
      5. Marriage Contract for Shelamzion and Judah (Greek text with Eng. transl.)
    3. Extensive collection of non-literary papyri (in Greek or Latin only)
  3. Searchable database of images
  4. New Testament archaeological sites
    A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WXYZ

    1. Adramyttium – History | Modern location
    2. Alexandria – Bible Atlas from Space | Egyptian report | French report | Coins
    3. Amphipolis – culture | history | Coins
    4. Antioch of Pisidia – City plan | Paul at Pisidian Antioch | 1924 excavation | Virtual tour | photos | history | Coins
    5. Antioch of Syria (modern Antakya, Turkey) – history | Photos | Photos from Antakya Museum | Coins
    6. Antipatris (OT Aphek)
    7. Apollonia
    8. Assos – history & description | photos | more photos | Assos journals of Francis H. Bacon (includes plan of Assos acropolis) | Coins
    9. Athens
      1. Bible Atlas from Space
      2. history
      3. Acropolis Museum | Photo tour
      4. Agora--Greek
      5. Agora--Roman
      6. Areopagus (Mars Hill)
      7. Stadium  [TOP]
      8. Coins
    10. Attalia – Intro. | Photos | Coins
    11. Azotus (OT Ashdod)
    12. Beroea (modern Veria, Greece)
    13. Bethany (modern El-Azariyeh, Israel) – History | Tomb of Lazarus
    14. Bethlehem (in Judea, see OT arch.) | Church of the Nativity | Photo tour of Church of the Nativity
    15. Bethsaida
    16. Caesarea Maritima – photos | field report of 1997 excavation | Coins
    17. Caesarea Philippi (Caesarea Panias) Intro | Coins
    18. Cana – Archaeology of Cana (near Nazareth) | Aerial view of excavations | Alternate site in Lebanon (near Tyre)
    19. Capernaum – Overview | Synagogue | "St. Peter's house"
    20. Cenchreae
    21. Chorazin
    22. Colossae – photos | history | Coins
    23. Corinth – history | Corinth Computer Project | Bible Atlas from Space | Coins
    24. Cos
    25. Damascus – History | Photos | Satellite view | Coins
    26. Derbe – Intro | Paul at Derbe
    27. Emmaus
    28. Ephesus – history Many photos | Coins
    29. Fair Havens – Crete in Hellenistic times | Crete in Roman times
    30. Gadara – Intro | Coins
    31. Gaza – History | Photos of current situation | Coins
    32. Gerasa (in Decapolis, OT Jerash) – History | B&W Photos | Gallery of color photos | Coins
    33. Herculaneum – Bible Atlas from Space | Intro | Herculaneum papyri | 360° tour
    34. Herodium
    35. Hierapolis – history | Photos | Coins
    36. Iconium (modern Konya, Turkey) – history | Coins
    37. Isthmia – U. of Chicago excavation | OSU excavation | Archaeological Museum at Isthmia
    38. Jerash (see "Gerasa")
    39. Jericho – History | Photos
    40. First-Century Jerusalem (see OT arch.)
      1. Second Temple panoramas based on 3-D digital model
      2. Time of Christ – Model at Holiland Hotel (Vitrual Tour) |; Garden Tomb | Church of the Holy Sepulcher | Mt. of Olives
      3. Destruction by Titus (A.D. 70) | Arch of Titus
      4. Coins
    41. Joppa – Current excavation
    42. Jordan, Survey of sites in
    43. Kerioth
    44. Laodicea – history | Coins
    45. Lydda (OT Lod, modern Lod, Israel)
    46. Lystra
    47. Machaerus
    48. Magdala
    49. Malta (Melita) – History of Malta | Discovery of artifacts from Paul's shipwreck | Discussion of Paul's shipwreck | Coins
    50. Masada | Photo & diagram
    51. Miletus – Intro | History & site features | Theatre at Miletus | | Coins
    52. Myra – Intro | Photos | Coins
    53. Nain
    54. Nazareth | excavation
    55. Neapolis (in Macedonia) – Intro | Tourist info | Coins
    56. Paphos – Intro | history | Paul in Cyprus | Coins
    57. Patara – Intro. | Photos | More photos
    58. Patmos – Bible Atlas from Space | Tour info.
    59. Pella | Archaeology
    60. Perga – Intro. | photos | more photos | Coins | More coins
    61. Pergamum – Intro. | Altar of Zeus (close-ups, text in German) | Tour of site | Photos of site and artifacts | Coins
    62. Petra – Main features | History & archaeology | City plan | Bible Atlas from Space | Coins
    63. Philadelphia (in province of Asia, modern Alasehir, Turkey) – Intro | Coins
    64. Philadelphia (in Decapolis, OT Rabbah, modern Amman, capital of Jordan) – Intro | Coins
    65. Philippi – Intro | Bible Atlas from Space | Tour info. | Coins
    66. Pompeii
      1. Bible Atlas from Space
      2. Pompeii supersite
      3. Pompeii Forum Project
      4. Eyewitness account of Pompeii's destruction | Ancient Reconstruction of Pompeii Forum
    67. Ptolemais (OT Acco)
    68. Puteoli
    69. Rhodes – Intro | Coins
    70. Rome
      1. Bible Atlas from Space
      2. Ancient Rome From the Earliest Times Down to 476 B.C. by Robert Pennell (1891) (4.6 Mb)
      3. Virtual Rome (360° images)
      4. Another Virtual Rome
      5. Model of ancient Rome
      6. Forma Urbis Romae (Severan Marble Plan of Rome) (ancient map of Rome carved from 203-211 CE)
      7. Coins
    71. Salamis – Tour of ancient city | Paul in Cyprus | City plan | Location on Cyprus | Coins
    72. Sardis – History | Archaeology | Sardis synagogue | Synagogue-Gymnasium Complex Photos | Many photos | Coins
    73. Scythopolis (OT Beth Shean) – Intro | Coins
    74. Sea of Galilee – Cove of the Sower | photos
    75. Sebaste (OT Samaria) – History | Coins
    76. Seleucia – Intro. | history | Photos | Coins
    77. Sepphoris (OT Zippori) – Official Sepphoris website | Jesus & the Forgotten City (book on Sepphoris) | Coins
    78. Sidon – History with photos | Archaeology of Sidon | Coins
    79. Smyrna (modern Izmir, Turkey) – history | Photos | Photos of Agora excavation
      80. | Coins
    80. Sychar
    81. Syracuse (Sicily) – Intro | Coins
    82. Tarsus – Brief history | In-depth discussion | Excavations | Latest discoveries | Photos from excavations | Photos | Coins
    83. Thessalonica – Intro. | Archaeological Museum | Coins
    84. Thyatira (modern Akhisar, Turkey) – Intro. | Photos | Archaeological Finds | Coins
    85. Tiberias – Intro | Coins
    86. Troas – History | Photos | Excavations (in German) | Coins
    87. Tyre | Alexander's siege of Tyre (332 BCE) | History of Phoenicia by George Rawlinson (1889) | "Geoarchaeology of Tyre's ancient north harbour" (2005) | Coins
      88.   [TOP]
  5. New Testament Commentaries online
    1. Whole New Testament (Matthew - Revelation)
    2. Four Gospels (Matthew - John)
    3. Book of Acts (Acts of the Apostles)
    4. Pauline Epistles (Romans - Philemon)
    5. General Epistles (Hebrews - Jude)
    6. Book of Revelation (The Apocalypse)

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